In the field, corals obtain sugars (their ‘fast food’) from their symbiotic algae. But most other nutrients are obtained when they feed on live plankton. However, in land-based coral aquaculture settings, these sources of nutrition are not normally available
This project is exploring technological and methodological options to automate, and upscale, the sexual propagation of corals in an aquaculture setting.
New tools are needed to understand the resilience of corals, the efficacy of coral seeding initiatives and their capacity to cope with rising temperatures in response to global heating trajectories.
Components
Over the past five years, in collaboration with Prof. Cleves group at Johns Hopkins University we have developed technology to make precise changes in the coral genome using CRISPR/Cas9. This tool has been used to identify various genes that are crucial for important coral processes.
In 2018, we identified a key gene, HSF1, that controls coral tolerance to heat stress. This is the first gene to be shown to control coral survival to heat.
From 2021, we have built a database of key genes for CRISPR screens from several Acropora coral species, to increase the knowledge of the genetic basis of heat stress in corals and feed the possibilities of CRISPR screens.
In 2022 and 2023, we continued to identify genes that control survival to acute heat stress and have explored how the regulation of these genes effect survival over time and across species.
Image: Marie Roman
In 2024, Max Moonier, Ryan Lister, and the team developed an approach to track corals across generations using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. To do this, we insert unique “genetic barcodes” into coral DNA, kind of like giving each coral a unique DNA tracking number. These genetic tags can be passed down to offspring and are detectable in environmental DNA (eDNA), which is DNA that has shed off the coral and can be collected in a seawater sample. Together, this means we can track individual corals simply by collecting and sequencing water samples – no tagging or handling required.
This tool directly addresses one of the biggest challenges in coral restoration: monitoring whether restored corals survive, reproduce, and contribute to the future of reefs. Early proof-of-concept experiments at AIMS’ National Sea Simulator have demonstrated that the method works, offering a powerful, non-invasive, and potentially scalable way to assess restoration success over time. This year, the team will produce many barcoded corals and grow them out long term. This approach could not only help protect Australian reefs but may also be adapted to other species and ecosystems, supporting global restoration efforts in the face of climate change.
Figure: Max Moonier, illustrations by Dean Tysdale
The Great Barrier Reef annual mass spawning is an important time of year when corals and other reef animals reproduce. It is one of the most extraordinary natural phenomenon on the planet.
Corals, guided by seasonal warming, moon phases and tides, release egg and sperm into the water around the same time to create new corals. The event usually takes place on a handful of nights following the full moons in October and November, but sometimes in December. It occurs mostly under the cover of night.
The annual mass spawning of corals in the Great Barrier Reef is one of the most extraordinary natural phenomena on the planet. Scientists use this once-a-year opportunity to undertake valuable research needed to understand the early lives of coral.
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