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Socioeconomic
manual
for coral reef management
PREFACE
HISTORY
The concept for this manual first emerged in 1996 during the 8th
International Coral Reef Symposium in Panama City. Several social
scientists discussed the need for guidelines on how to conduct
socioeconomic assessments of coral reef uses in different regions of
the world. At the same time, the Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network
(GCRMN) was being urged by international donor organisations to
conduct parallel monitoring of socioeconomic aspects with the existing
biophysical assessments of coral reefs. The development of a
socioeconomic assessment manual that would complement the biophysical
manual (English et al. 1997) became a project for the GCRMN.
In 1997, the Environment Agency and Marine Parks Center of Japan
sponsored a workshop, in conjunction with the Marine Sciences
Institute of the University of the Philippines and the International
Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM) in Bolinao,
northwestern Luzon, Philippines to scope the issues and material to go
in the manual. Subsequently the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA) agreed to provide editorial support and
financial assistance to develop this manual with experienced authors.
The World Conservation Union (IUCN) provided significant funds and
additional support was provided by the Japanese Government Ministry of
Foreign Affairs and Environment Agency, and the United Nations
Environment Programme.
CONTRIBUTORS
The Manual was authored by a team
of social scientists with extensive experience from around the world.
Leah Bunce, who served as editor and author, is an international
marine affairs specialist with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration National Ocean Service where she advises on marine and
coastal policy issues related to coral reefs, marine protected areas
and socioeconomic assessments. She is currently coordinating the IUCN
World Commission on Protected Areas Ð Marine Sustainable Fisheries
Initiative and previously conducted socioeconomic assessments in
Jamaica and Antigua as part of her doctoral research.
Philip Townsley is a specialist in participatory approaches to
natural resource management projects and consults worldwide, including
for the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations and
the Department for International Development, U. K. During his 16
years of experience he has worked mostly on the social aspects of
fisheries and aquaculture in Asia and Africa and has published several
manuals on participatory approaches to development.
Robert S. Pomeroy is a Senior Associate, Coastal and Marine
Projects, in the Biological Resources Program of the World Resources
Institute in Washington DC. Over the past 15 years he has worked on
research and development projects in over 40 countries and focused in
the fields of natural resource and environmental economics,
specifically policy analysis, fisheries management and development,
aquaculture economics, coastal resource management, international
development, agricultural marketing and agricultural extension. Prior
to joining WRI, Bob served as a professor at Clemson University and
Senior Scientist at ICLARM.
Richard Pollnac is Professor of Anthropology at University of Rhode
Island, where he is associated with the Coastal Resources Center. Over
the past 26 years he has worked with fishery development and coastal
management projects in Africa, Central and South America, the Middle
East, Southeast Asia and the Northeastern United States.
He has written numerous articles, book chapters, and books
concerning fishery and coastal management development, including most
recently Assessing Behavioral Aspects of Coastal Resource Use, which
he co-authored with Brian Crawford.
Herman Cesar, Betsy Nicholson, and Peter Wiley provided additional
contributions. Herman Cesar provided text for the economic components
and assisted with the development of the manual. He is a researcher at
the Institute of Environmental Studies of the Free University in
Amsterdam, the Netherlands, and is consultant in natural resource
economics to the World Bank and USAID among others through his firm:
Cesar Environmental Economics Consulting. Betsy Nicholson, who
co-authored the case study and assisted with the sampling strategy, is
a Sea Grant Fellow with the National Ocean Service Center for
Sponsored Coastal Ocean Research / Coastal Ocean Program and is
currently a graduate student focusing on marine policy and
socioeconomic issues at Duke University. Peter Wiley, who assisted
with the economic components, is an economist with the Special
Projects Office in the National Ocean Service where he focuses on
socioeconomic assessments of the National Marine Sanctuaries.
The Manual underwent intensive review by an Advisory Panel of Coral
Reef Managers from around the world, which included:
- Nyawira Muthiga, Head of Coastal & Wetlands program, Kenya
Wildlife Service;
- Antonio Perera, Director, National Center for Protected Areas,
Cuba;
- Foua Toloa, Local Extension Specialist Consultant, Samoa Marine
Biodiversity Protection and Management Project; and
- Johnnes Tulungen, Program Manager, Proyek Pesisir (Indonesian
Coastal Resources Management Project), North Sulawesi, Indonesia.
The manual was also reviewed by an Advisory Panel of Social
Scientists experienced in conducting socioeconomic assessments on
reefs, which included:
- Tomoya Akimichi, Professor, Department of Cultural Research,
National Museum of Ethnology, Japan;
- Jim Anderson, Ashley Halls, and Graham Pilling, Fisheries
Specialists, Marine Resources Assessment Group, UK;
- Michael Mascia, Researcher, Duke University; and
- Jason Rubens, WWF Technical Advisor, Mafia Island Marine Park,
Tanzania.
The final drafts of the manual were edited by Clive Wilkinson,
coordinator of the GCRMN, and Liz Tynan, Manager of Science
Communication at the Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS).
Wendy Ellery and Steve Clarke of AIMS provided the lay-out design, and
Gavin Ryan and Marietta Eden provided the illustrations and diagrams.
The authors would also like to thank the following people whose
assistance greatly contributed to the production of this manual: the
participants in the Bolinao for their initial insights into the
direction of the manual (Tomoya Akimichi, Herman Cesar, Peter Espeut,
Monica Gorman, Maha Gorospe, Ingvild Harkes, Bob Johannes, Tadashi
Kimura, Keiichi Nakazawa, Yulfita Raharjo, Jason Rubens, Richard
Pollnac, Bob Pomeroy, Bing Santos, Lea Scherl, Clive Wilkinson); Bill
Zahner of the Policy, Analysis and Communications Division of National
Ocean Service, for his advice on the publication and design process;
the Coastal Services Center of National Ocean Service for use of their
facilities during the authors' workshop; Bob Leeworthy of the Special
Projects Office of National Ocean Service for his critique of the
manual; and Jordan West of IUCN for her critique of the manual.
SPONSORS
National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (USA)
As the United States' principal
advocate for coastal and ocean stewardship, the National Ocean Service
is responsible for coastal and ocean science, management, response,
restoration, and navigation. The National Ocean Service (NOS) is part
of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), which
was established in 1970 within the United States Department of
Commerce. The NOS mission is to be the Nation's principal advocate for
coastal and ocean stewardship through partnerships at all levels and
to support and provide the science, information, management, and
leadership necessary to balance the environmental and economic
well-being of coastal resources and communities. International
stewardship is a prominent component of the NOS mission. Through the
International Programs Office, the NOS has implemented bilateral
partnerships, provided technical assistance to international
organisations, such as the GCRMN, and provided leadership to global
conservation efforts, such as serving as the Vice-Chair (Marine) of
the IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas.
Tel: +1 301 713 3074
Fax: +1 301 713 4307
E-mail: nos.info@hermes.nos.noaa.gov
Web site: www.nos.noaa.gov
IUCN-The World Conservation Union
Founded in 1948, IUCN brings
together States, government agencies and a diverse range of
non-governmental organisations in a unique world partnership: over 900
members in all spread across nearly 140 countries. As a Union, IUCN
seeks to influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the
world to conserve the integrity and diversity of nature and to ensure
that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically
sustainable.
Through its network of regional and country offices, expert
Commissions and member organisations, and Marine Program, IUCN
supports a variety of coral reef conservation and management efforts
that promote: protection of critical habitats and threatened species;
design of management plans with stakeholder participation; development
of ecological and socio-economic assessment methodologies; enhanced
capacity building for sustainable management; and support of effective
governance structures. IUCN is an original partner of the
International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI) and a founding co-sponsor
of the Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN).
Tel: +1 202 387 4826
Fax: +1 202 387 4823
E-mail: oceans@iucn.org
Web site: www.iucn.org
Australian Institute of Marine Science
The Australian Institute of
Marine Science (AIMS) is one of Australia's key research agencies and
the only one committed primarily to marine research, with an emphasis
on tropical marine science. It undertakes research and development to
generate new knowledge in marine science and technology, and to
promote its application in industry, government and environmental
management. The research programme involves medium-to long-term
research that is geared towards improved understanding of marine
systems and the development of a capability to predict the behaviour
of complex tropical marine systems. In the past 20 years the Institute
has established a sound reputation for high quality research on coral
reef and mangrove ecosystems, and on the water circulation around our
coasts and continental shelf.
Researchers have not only published extensively in scientific
journals but have also written field guides, books and monographs for
regional use. This work supports a wide range of studies for effective
coral reef management.
Tel: + 61 7 4753 4444
Fax: + 61 7 4772 5852
Web site: www.aims.gov.au
The Government of Japan
The Government of Japan has
supported the development of this socioeconomic manual since the
beginning in recognition of the importance of monitoring reef use for
conservation of coral reef ecosystems. Recently, Japan established the
International Coral Reef Research and Monitoring Center in Ishigaki
City, Okinawa prefecture and has started a monitoring programme at
Sekisei Lagoon near Ishigaki Island as one of the first initiatives.
This socioeconomic manual will be as meaningful and useful for the
people of Japan as it will be for all other countries with coral
reefs.
International Coral Reef Research and Monitoring Center
Tel: 81-9808-2-4902
Fax: 81-9808-2-0729
E-mail: vma05738@coremoc.go.jp
Web site: www.coremoc.go.jp
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